Chinese Grammar Bank
Chinese Sentence Structure
Even though Chinese is considered one of the hardest languages to speak due to its tones and characters, one aspect that is a relief for English speakers is the Chinese sentence structure, which at its base follows English very similarly.
BASIC CHINESE SENTENCE
At its base, Chinese is an SVO language.
That is, (S)ubject (V)erb (O)bject. This is similar to English and most European languages.
In English we would say: Adam eats an apple.
In Chinese you would say: 小李 吃 苹果 (xiǎo lǐ chī píngguǒ).
PATTERN
Subject (Xiao Li) + Verb (Eat) + Object (Apple)
At the most basic level, Chinese is actually quite easy to start speaking, as long as your sentences are short and all structures are in the present tense.
You might also notice that Chinese does not necessarily require articles, such as A car or AN apple, even though they can be used: 小李 吃 一颗 苹果 (Xiao Li Eats One [Measure Word] Apple).
| ENGLISH | CHARACTERS | PINYIN |
|---|---|---|
| Bella rides a bike (lit. Xiao Hong Rides Bike) | 小红骑自行车 | xiǎohóng qí zìxíngchē |
| The dog bites the man (lit. Dog Bites Person) | 狗咬人 | gǒu yǎo rén |
LOCATION MARKERS
In the case of English, whenever you wish to say that something is done in a certain location, you would put the location at the end.
For example, I study Chinese in a university.
In the case of Chinese, whenever there is an action happening, the location will be put right before the verb, so:
我在大学学中文:
Subject (I, 我) + Location Marker (in University, 在大学) + Verb (Study, 学) + Object (Chinese, 中文)
| SUBJECT | LOCATION MARKER | VERB | OBJECT |
|---|---|---|---|
| 我 | 在大学 | 学 | 中文 |
| I | in University | Study | Chinese |
我在大学学中文 is pronounced – wǒ zài dàxué xué zhōngwén
View More Phrases
| He kicks a ball outside 他在外边踢球 tā zài wàibian tī qiú Lit. He In Outside Kick Ball | Mother cooks food at home 妈妈在家做饭 māmā zàijiā zuò fàn Lit. Mama At Home Make Food |
TIME MARKERS
Similarly to Location Markers, Time Markers are also put right before the verb:
He went to school yesterday – 他 昨天 去 学校.
Subject (He) + Time Marker (Yesterday) + Verb (Go) + Object (School)
In the case of a combination of both Location and Time Markers, while it is not grammatically incorrect to put Location before Time, it is considerably more common to put the Time before Location. Let’s see the following example:
他昨天在大学踢球 tā zuótiān zài dàxué tī qiú
He kicked the ball in the university yesterday
| SUBJECT | TIME MARKER | LOCATION MARKER | VERB | OBJECT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 他 | 昨天 | 在大学 | 踢 | 球 |
| He | Yesterday | In University | Kicked | The ball |
View More Phrases
| I played the guitar on the stage yesterday 我昨天在舞台上弹吉他 wǒ zuótiān zàiwǔtái shàng dàn jítā Lit. I Yesterday On Stage Play Guitar | Father will eat pizza at home tomorrow 爸爸明天在家吃披萨 bàba míngtiān zàijiā chī pīsà Lit. Papa Tomorrow At Home Eat Pizza |
PRE & POSTPOSITIONS
As you might have noticed in the examples above, there are no indicators of past and future tense in Chinese.
Indicators of past and future tense in Chinese normally occur based on the context of the sentence.
In certain cases, when it is necessarily to put such indicators, those will act as prepositions and postpositions before or after the verb. We cover these in more detail in another lesson, but for now, you can note some common ones here:
| chinese | pinyin | english | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 我 会 去 美国 | wǒ huì qù měiguó | I will go to America | 会 = Future/Certainty Marker |
| 他走了很长时间 | tā zǒule hěn cháng shíjiān | He walked for a long time | 了 = Marker of Completion |
| 你正在做什么？ | nǐ zhèngzài zuò shénme? | What are you doing? | 正在 = Marker of Continuous Action |
COMPLEMENTS
Another aspect of sentence structures, that is a bit more complex, are Complements.
These are grammar points that indicate HOW an action was done, working similarly to Adverbs, and marked by the Postposition 得.
These are a bit more complex, and are covered more in detail in our sections on the various Complements:
| chinese | pinyin | english | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 狗跑得快 | gǒu pǎo dé kuài | The dog runs quickly | Potential Complement – in what manner an action is done |
| 你吃得完吗? | nǐ chī dé wán ma? | Can you finish eating? | Resultative Complement – What is the result of an action |
| 爸妈走得出来 | bàmā zǒu dé chūlái | Mom and Dad are walking out | Directional Complement – In which direction is an action happening |
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FAQs
How are Chinese sentences arranged?
Is Chinese an SVO or SOV language?
Is Chinese sentence structure hard?
How difficult is Chinese grammar?
As for any language, Chinese grammar can be a bit confusing at first, but when you master the basics, you have a strong base of knowledge to build on.
The Chinese language is a very logical language, you’ll be surprise at how easy the grammar can be.
How can I learn Chinese effectively?
To learn Chinese effectively you can start by learning about the characters and the pinyin, then master the tones as early as possible and learn some basic vocabulary and structures to start putting sentences together.
Most importantly, find good resources to rely on, if you can get yourself a private teacher or some Chinese classes, and finally never give up on your studies.
How long does it take to learn Chinese?
The time required to learn and master Chinese will depend on a lot of various elements, such as consistency, motivation, quality or study resources, teachers etc.
To give you an idea, a student enrolling into a Semester Program at LTL is expected to reach level HSK 3 in 18 weeks of group class study (20h/week).
It is possible to get to a higher level if the student stays with a Chinese homestay or go out with Chinese friends, for example.